Shalom everyone,
This update/Jewish Vegetarians of North America (JVNA) Online Newsletter has the following items:
1. Relating Tu B'Shvat to Vegetarianism
2. Lists of Vegetarian Restaurants in Israel and Worldwide
3. Corrections to the Previous JVNA Newsletter
4. Website Has Responses to Skeptics On Many Global Warming Issues
5. Jewish Raw Food Group Started
6. Key Points for Promoting Vegetarianism in the Jewish Community
7. Eating Meat is Destroying the Amazon
8. Campaign to Link the Arts to Environmentalism
9. Reducing One's Carbon Footprint Through Vegetarianism
10. Evidence that Vegetarian is Part of the Solution to Global Warming
11. French Vegetarian Seeks to Start a Jewish Vegetarian Group in France
12. Campaign to Get Vegan Options on School Lunch Programs
13. World Vegetarian Week Scheduled for 2009
14. JTA article on “Jewish Foodies” at the Annual Hazon Conference
15. Climate Change Policies Failing, NASA Scientist Warns Obama
16. A Shocking Look Inside Chinese Fur Farms
Some material has been deferred to a later update/newsletter to keep this one from being even longer.
[Materials in brackets like this [ ] within an article or forwarded message are my editorial notes/comments.]
Opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the views of the JVNA, unless otherwise indicated, but may be presented to increase awareness and/or to encourage respectful dialogue. Also, material re conferences, retreats, forums, trips, and other events does not necessarily imply endorsement by JVNA or endorsement of the kashrut, Shabbat observances, or any other Jewish observances, but may be presented for informational purposes. Please use e-mail addresses, telephone numbers, and web sites to get further information about any event that you are interested in. Also, JVNA does not necessarily agree with all positions of groups whose views are included or whose events are announced in this newsletter.
As always, your comments and suggestions are very welcome.
Thanks,
Richard
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1. Relating Tu B'Shvat to Vegetarianism
Tu B'Shvat (the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Shvat) begins this year at sundown on Sunday, February 8, 2009.
It is important that we start planning ways to relate this increasingly popular Jewish holiday to vegetarianism and to current environmental threats.
Please see my articles “Vegetarianism and Tu B'Shvat” and “Why is This Holiday Different: Thoughts on Tu B'Shvat” in the holidays section at JewishVeg.com/Schwartz. And please use the material in these articles for your own talking points and letters. And please work with others on setting up Tu B'Shvat seders and other events related to this “Jewish Earth Day.” Suggestions very welcome. Thanks.
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2. Lists of Vegetarian Restaurants in Israel and Worldwide
Thanks to animal rights activist Batya Bauman for providing these lists.
This is presented for informational purposes only, and in now way implies an endorsement of any restaurant or health food store listed. Please investigate further to see if your standards are met.
Vegetarian restaurants in Israel:
http://www.happycow.net/asia/israel/index.html
Vegetarian restaurants all over the world:
http://www.happycow.net/index.html
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3. Corrections to the Previous JVNA Newsletter
The following correction is to a statement in the last JVNA newsletter:
* We distributed almost 20,000 (not 2,000, as mistakenly indicated in the last JVNA newsletter) complimentary DVDs of our acclaimed documentary “A Sacred Duty: Applying Jewish Values to Help Heal the World,” to rabbis, Jewish educators, JCC directors, Hillel directors, professors of religious studies, environmentalists, health professionals and many more people [during 2008].
Hopefully, we will double the total number in 2009.
Correction to the address of our secretary/treasurer:
The correct address is:
John Diamond
49 Patton Drive
Newport News, VA 23606-1744
Sorry for the errors.
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4. Website Has Responses to Skeptics On Many Global Warming Issues
This is a wonderful web site that responds to a very wide variety of arguments that global warming does not exist or is not serious, etc.
http://gristmill.grist.org/skeptics
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5. Jewish Raw Food Group Started
Forwarded message:
JewishRawFood
This group is for all fans of Jewish cuisine who are also raw foods enthusiasts. You don't have to be Jewish to belong. This group is a place where we can discuss ways to replicate traditional Jewish food (of all regions of the world) by using raw vegan ingredients and techniques.
Group website: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/JewishRawFood
To subscribe, send an e-mail to: JewishRawFood-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
Group Information
* Members: 103
* Category: Jewish
* Founded: Mar 22, 2008
* Language: English
Thanks,
Judy Pokras
vegwriter@gmail.com
President:
http://Green-Advertising.blogspot.com
The Little e-Book of Raw Holiday Recipes--Second Edition:
http://tinyurl.com/59ugp2
50 recipes/65 pages/$8.99 and delivered in a flash via e-mail, for last minute gift-givers.
Editor/founder/publisher
Raw Foods News Magazine
www.rawfoodsnewsmagazine.com
An online magazine celebrating raw vegan cuisine since March 2001, and featuring authoritative info, breaking news, and fun interactive features on the raw vegan lifestyle. Have you signed up for our free e-newsletter?
Also see:
Our blog at http://stuffrawfoodistslike.blogspot.com
STOP GLOBAL WARMING GO VEGAN bumper sticker:
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6. Key Points for Promoting Vegetarianism in the Jewish Community
Please consider some of the points below to help promote vegetarianism. Many thanks.
I think the key question is "Should Jews be Vegetarians?" I think so, as president of Jewish Vegetarians of North America, since arguably animal-based diets and agriculture seriously violate Jewish mandates to preserve our health, treat animals with compassion, protect the environment, conserve natural resources, help hungry people and pursue peace. Also, the production and consumption of animal products is having devastating effects on the environment and human health.
For further information, please see my over 130 articles at JewishVeg.com and please see our documentary "A Sacred Duty: Applying Jewish Values to Help Heal the World" at ASacredDuty.com.
Most Jewish leaders, the media and the general public seem to be ignoring important realities related to the production and consumption of meat and other animal products, that are doing immense harm to individuals and our planet:
* Animal-centered diets are contributing to an epidemic of heart disease, several types of cancer and other diseases in the Jewish and other communities;
* At a time when food prices are skyrocketing, food riots are occurring in many areas and an estimated 20 million people are dying annually worldwide from hunger and its effects, over 70 percent of the grain produced in the United States and over 40 percent produced worldwide are fed to farmed animals.
* In an increasingly thirsty and energy-dependent world, animal-based diets require up to 14 times as much water and 10 times as much energy as vegan (all plants) diets.
* While the world is increasingly threatened by global warming, animal-based agriculture emits more greenhouse gases (in CO2 equivalents) than all the cars and other means of transportation worldwide combined (18 percent vs. 13.5 percent).
* Even if animals are slaughtered strictly according to Jewish law, with minimum pain, billions of animals still suffer greatly from cruel treatment on factory farms.
* Making all of the above points more serious, the consumption of animal products is projected to double in 50 years. If this happens, it will make it very difficult, if not impossible, to reduce greenhouse emissions enough to avoid very severe effects from global climate change.
It is essential that our rabbis and other Jewish leaders recognize that a major shift toward plant-based diets is essential to avoid the unprecedented catastrophe that the world is rapidly approaching and to move our precious, but imperiled, planet to a sustainable path.
When we read daily reports of the effects of global climate change, such as record heat waves, severe storms, widespread droughts, and the melting of glaciers and polar icecaps; when some climate scientists are warning that global climate change may spin out of control with disastrous consequences unless major changes are soon made; when a recent report indicated that our oceans may be virtually free of fish by 2050; when species of plants and animals are disappearing at the fastest rate in history; when it is projected that half of the world's people will live in areas chronically short of water by 2050; it is essential that the Jewish community fulfill our mandate to be a “light unto the nations” and lead efforts to address these critical issues.
It is urgent that tikkun olam-the healing and repair of the world -- be a central issue in synagogues, Jewish schools and other Jewish institutions. Judaism has splendid teachings on environmental conservation and sustainability, and it is essential that they be applied to respond to the many current environmental threats.
JVNA (Jewish Vegetarians of North America) urges rabbis and other Jewish leaders to make Jews aware of how animal-based diets and agriculture violate basic Jewish mandates to preserve human health, treat animals compassionately, protect the environment, conserve natural resources and help hungry people.
It is time that a consideration of the many moral issues related to animal-based diets be put on the Jewish agenda. For more information, please visit JewishVeg.com/schwartz, and to see our one-hour documentary A SACRED DUTY: Applying Jewish Values to Help Heal the World, please visit ASacredDuty.com.
The world is heading toward an unprecedented disaster, and it is essential that there be a major shift toward vegan diets, high in fruits, vegetables, seeds and nuts, if we are to have a chance of shifting our imperiled planet to a sustainable path.
Please visit ASacredDuty.com for our video that presents this case. And please visit JewishVeg.com/schwartz for my over 130 articles on all aspects of vegetarianism. And please help spread the word on how urgent it is that there be a shift toward vegetarian diets.
As president of Jewish Vegetarians of North America, I hope the Israeli rabbinate will do the right thing re eliminating shackling and hoisting, even if the reasons are not the best. But we should consider that even if shechita is carried out perfectly, there are still many abuses of animals on modern intensive factory farms, the consumption of meat has been linked strongly to many chronic, degenerative diseases, and the production of meat is a major contributor to global warming and many other environmental threats to Israel and the entire world.
Also, the production and consumption of meat appears to violate basic Jewish teachings re preservation of our health and lives, proper treatment of animals, protection of the environmant and conservation of resources.
It is time that a consideration of the many moral issues related to animal-based diets be put on the Jewish agenda. How about a respectful dialogue/debate on "Should Jews Be Vegetarians?" I am only a baal teshuvah, so why are rabbis and Jewish scholars apparently unwilling to try to prove our argumants are wrong.
The world is heading toward an unprecedented disaster, and it is essential that there be a major shift toward vegan diets, high in fruits, vegetables, seeds and nuts, if we are to have a chance of shifting our imperiled planet to a sustainable path.
For more information, please visit JewishVeg.com/schwartz, and to see our one-hour documentary A SACRED DUTY: Applying Jewish Values to Help Heal the World, please visit ASacredDuty.com. And please help spread the word on how urgent it is that there be a shift toward vegetarian diets
Re global warming and energy use, why is society generally ignoring that animal-based diets require far more energy than plant-based diets, and that a 2006 UN FAO study indicated that animal-based agriculture emits more greenhouse gases (in CO2 equivalents (than all the cars, ships, planes and all other means of transportation worldwide combined, and that the number of farmed animals is projected to double in the next 50 years, negating the positive greenhouse emissions reduction effects of many other changes?
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7. Eating Meat is Destroying the Amazon
One of the main Brazilian newspapers reported today that ranchers account for 76% of forest clearing in the Amazon, according to new, more reliable data. But there's no point panicking and not doing anything about it: give up on all animal products and you'll be doing your share to help mitigate the human impact on the environment. Vegans have been saying how addiction to flesh is unsustainable in our planet with its dwindling resources, and every now and then official published data confirms this. So. over to the latest announcement from the European Vegetarian and News Alliance....
http://thevegetarianblog.today.com/2008/12/22/meat-eating-is-killing-the-amazon/
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8. Campaign to Link the Arts to Environmentalism
Forwarded message:
NATIONAL CAMPAIGN FOR A GREEN ARTS CORPS
We propose the creation of a National Green Arts Corps. The major goal of the NGAC will be to create a program that employs artists to work with Green Job Training Centers' projects. In this way, artists can contribute, along with other sectors of the society, to developing long range solutions to our nation's aesthetic, environmental and economic development.
This is a proposal to establish a National Green Arts Corps to provide neighborhoods and community-based artists with the resources, training and skills to use the arts to help communities express identity, build community life and create green jobs. As we put America back to work, rebuilding the nation's infrastructure, artists have a great deal to contribute to the design, building and animation of community projects. For example, artists can help to design and animate elements of community infrastructures such as parks, plazas and public buildings; offer classes and workshops; collaboratively create works of public art; and assist in the development of green businesses where the products to be marketed are those of their own creativity.
A block grant process would enable communities to adapt the program to local needs and resources. In each community, the process employed to develop these projects would be participatory and transparent, providing employment for numerous artists. Each community could create opportunities for funding and training individual artists, members of small ensembles and organizations, as well as working through larger public and private cultural agencies. As artists partner with green job training centers, each participating community would create a industry that is unique to its bioregion, employing local potters, painters, dancers, musicians and others who are part of the creative economy.
The arts bring jobs and creativity to our communities, they also bring a host of skills that foster innovation, exploration and sustainable development. Artists are natural problem solvers, thinking in terms of systems and exploration. We seek to create visually stimulating and environmentally sustainable projects that can be enjoyed by future generations.
For more information contact:
Michael B. Schwartz 520-791-9359 MBSarts@aol.com
Jodi Netzer 520-791-9359 Netzer@voicenet.com
http://nationalgreenartscorps.blogspot.com/
This draft incorporates the editing work of Arlene Goldbard, Dr. Norman Schwartz, Jodi Netzer & Susan Silverman - of an original draft by Michael B.Schwartz
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9. Reducing One's Carbon Footprint Through Vegetarianism
Forwarded message from David Cantor, Executive Director of Responsible Policies for Animals, Inc.:
If anyone you know is resolving this year to diminish personal ecological footprint or improve personal health, have 'em check out www.EatForSports.org! It isn't just for "athletes"!
David Cantor
Executive Director
P.O. Box 891
Glenside, PA 19038
RPA4all@aol.com
www.RPAforAll.org
www.ExpertsOfConscience.org
www.EatForSports.org
Responsible Policies for Animals, Inc., a 501(c)(3) educational nonprofit organization, shows people how to establish responsible policies for animals that are also responsible policies for people and ecosystems - meaningful, enforceable basic rights for nonhuman animals, the only means to humane treatment as public policy rather than personal choice.
RPA's 10,000 Years Is Enough campaign aims to end our land-grant universities' support of the meat industry -- see www.RPAforAll.org and .
RPA's This Land Is Their Land campaign aims to protect wildlife by ending armed assaults and destructive land-use practices. See Campaigns page at www.RPAforAll.org.
RPA's statement opposing violence and other antisocial behavior in association with animal advocacy is available at www.RPAforAll.org or by request.
Donations to RPA are tax deductible as allowed by law and may be made at the above address or www.RPAforAll.org.
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10. Evidence that Vegetarian is Part of the Solution to Global Warming
Meat eating:
Accounts for 70% of deforestation
Generates More Green house gas than all transportation combined
Uses up 42% of World Grain and 70% World Soy production
Major cause of most common diseases
Main pollution to our water resources
Producing 1lb of beef uses water enough to shower for 6 months
Be Veg, Go Green, Save The Planet
http://www.SupremeMasterTV.com
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11. French Vegetarian Seeks to Start a Jewish Vegetarian Group in France
Forwarded message from Valerie:
Hello Richard, thanks for your answer. If i wrote you, that's because i don't find anything on the internet about végétarian and jewish (there is only a general végétarian group). It's a pleasure to send you a paragraph ; … i want to have an open minded group if it is possible. I used an automatic translation, so I hope it's comprehensible… Thanks for your help to create a vegetarian village. I am a vegetarian Jew environmentalist in soul but not marginal nor supporter of sectarian ideologies. On the other hand, I would dream about an initiative about type vegetarian ecovillage or the human beings would know how to live in harmony between them and with nature, while continuing having one job in the "ordinary" society. It is not a question of making a location for marginal désocialisés nor for hayatollahs of animal reason, but modern example which would give others the desire to cross the step and to join. I test the ground. If interested, send a mail. vvv.lilly@caramail.com. Thanks.
Valerie can send you her message in French.
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12. Campaign to Get Vegan Options on School Lunch Programs
See http://www.change.org/ideas/view/vegan_school_lunch_options
Forwarded message from JVNA advisor Arthur Poletti:
Dear Richard:
Ideas For Change.
Vegan School Lunches made it into the second round.
Now we should all ban together to help Dave get as many votes as possible so that his campaign ends up right in Barack Obama's lap.
The next round of voting takes place between
Jan 5th - Jan 15th.
Let the battle plan for obtaining votes begin for the animals, for the children, for the earth, and for Dave.
Thank you.
Arthur Poletti
--------------------
Re: Our Common Goals
YAY! Vegan School Lunches made it into the second round. I really blitzed it on all the forums and e-mailing people. Was ahead by over 40 last I checked after midnight. So, now, the hard part - to get it into the top 10
Voting takes place between Jan 5th - Jan 15th
Yes, I want to work with Richard, you, and others. We can't do it alone and I am always willing to do what ever I can, just as Richard and yourself.
You are exactly right about not feeling at home here amid the madness
Rest assured, Earth is our home - we are home
Peace and love,
Dave
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13. World Vegetarian Week Scheduled for 2009
Forwarded message:
Hi friends,
As you probably already know, October 01 to 07 is in most countries being promoted as a Vegetarian Week - a week dedicated to promote the Vegetarian lifestyle.
To learn more, please visit our website:
www.vegetarianweek.org.
All the material in our website can be used free of charge to promote the Vegetarian Week. In a few months we [will] have more and will send an update.
Now is the time to start planning with plenty of time - please make your plans, and feel free to contact me should you have any questions.
Let's make the WVW a great success and contribute to make the world a better place - together we can make it happen, and I count on you!
If anyone wants to join the WVW team, please let me know - you're welcome!
All the best,
--
Mateus Mendes
World Vegetarian Week, Portugal
www.vegetarianweek.org
[If you would like to be the JVNA contact for this event, keeping us informed of developments, lease let me know.Thanks.]
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14. JTA article on “Jewish Foodies” at the Annual Hazon Conference
http://jta.org/news/article/2008/12/29/1001877/what-kind-of-meat-do-jewish-food-activists-eat
[Unfortunately, while “A Sacred Duty” was screened at the conference, the vegetarian option was not considered very much.]
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15. Climate Change Policies Failing, NASA Scientist Warns Obama
Thursday 01 January 2009
»
by: James Randerson, The Guardian UK
http://www.truthout.org/010209EA
Award-winning researcher James Hansen says new president's rhetoric must be backed by action.
Current approaches to deal with climate change are ineffectual, one of the world's top climate scientists said Thursday in a personal new year appeal to Barack Obama and his wife Michelle on the urgent need to tackle global warming.
With less than three weeks to go until Obama's inauguration, Prof James Hansen, head of Nasa's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, asked the recently appointed White House science adviser Prof John Holdren to pass the missive directly to the president-elect.
Obama spoke repeatedly during his campaign about the need to tackle climate change, and environmentalists fervently hope he will live up to his promises to pursue green policies.
The letter, from Hansen and his wife Anniek, is a personal plea to the first couple. It begins: "We write to you as fellow parents concerned about the Earth that will be inherited by our children, grandchildren, and those yet to be born ... Jim has advised governments previously through regular channels. But urgency now dictates a personal appeal."
In a covering letter to Holdren, Hansen explains that he wrote the letter a few weeks ago while in London. His wife had suffered a heart attack ("fortunately we were near a very good hospital") and while they waited for doctors to give the go-ahead to fly back to the US he decided to compose his petition to the new first family.
Hansen has been one of the most prominent advocates of action to tackle climate change since he first spoke on the issue at congressional hearings in the 1980s. His testimony to the senate featured in Al Gore's film An Inconvenient Truth and he has received numerous honours for his work on the issue, including the WWF's top conservation award.
Hansen wrote that there is a "profound disconnect" between public policy on climate change and the magnitude of the problem as described by the science. He praised Obama's campaign rhetoric about "a planet in peril", but said that how the new president responds in office will be crucial. The letter contains a wish list of three policy measures to tackle global warming.
Hansen lambasts the current international approach of setting targets to be met through "cap and trade" schemes as not up to the task. "This approach is ineffectual and not commensurate with the climate threat. It could waste another decade, locking in disastrous consequences for our planet and humanity," the Hansens wrote.
The letter will make uncomfortable reading for officials in 10 north-eastern and middle-Atlantic states whose carbon cap and trade mechanism - the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative - got under way today. The scheme is the first mandatory, market-based greenhouse gas reduction programme in the US and it aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector by 10% by 2018.
Hansen advocates a three-pronged attack on the climate problem - all measures he has promoted before. First, he wants a moratorium and phase-out of coal-fired power stations - which he calls "factories of death" - that do not incorporate carbon capture and storage.
"Coal is responsible for as much atmospheric carbon dioxide as the other fossil fuels combined, and its reserves make coal even more important for the long run," the Hansens wrote.
Second, he proposes a "carbon tax and 100% dividend": a mechanism for putting a price on carbon without raising money for government coffers. The idea is to tax carbon at source, then redistribute the revenue equally among taxpayers, so high carbon users are penalised while low carbon users are rewarded.
Finally, Hansen wants a renewed research effort into so-called fourth generation nuclear plants, which can use nuclear waste as fuel. "In our opinion [fourth generation nuclear power] deserves your strong support, because it has the potential to help solve past problems with nuclear power: nuclear waste, the need to mine for nuclear fuel, and release of radioactive material."
Hansen argues that the current emphasis on reduction targets combined with carbon trading schemes make it too easy for countries to wriggle out of their commitments. He cites the example of Japan's increasing coal use - the dirtiest fuel in terms of carbon emissions. To offset these increases in emissions Japan has bought credits from China through the clean development mechanism - an instrument set up by the Kyoto protocol - yet China's emissions have continued to increase rapidly. China has now overtaken the US as the biggest polluter in the world.
"Nobody realistically expects that the large readily available pools of oil and gas will be left in the ground. Caps will not cause that to happen - caps only slow the rate at which the oil and gas are used. The only solution is to cut off the coal source," the Hansens wrote.
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16. A Shocking Look Inside Chinese Fur Farms
Thanks to Lionel Friedberg for alerting us to these horrible conditions:
http://www.peta.org/feat/ChineseFurFarms/index.asp
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The material on this site is provided for educational and informational purposes. It may contain copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. It is being made available in an effort to advance the understanding of vegetarian, environmental, nutritional, health, economic, social justice and human rights issues etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have an interest in using the included information for educational or research purposes. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The information on this site does not constitute legal, technical or medical advice.
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DISCLAIMER
Opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the views of the JVNA, unless otherwise indicated, but may be presented to increase awareness and/or to encourage respectful dialogue. Also, material re conferences, retreats, forums, trips, and other events does not necessarily imply endorsement by JVNA or endorsement of the kashrut, Shabbat observances, or any other Jewish observances, but may be presented for informational purposes. Please use e-mail addresses, telephone numbers, and web sites to get further information about any event that you are interested in. Also, JVNA does not necessarily agree with all positions of groups whose views are included or whose events are announced in this newsletter.
Opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the views of the JVNA, unless otherwise indicated, but may be presented to increase awareness and/or to encourage respectful dialogue. Also, material re conferences, retreats, forums, trips, and other events does not necessarily imply endorsement by JVNA or endorsement of the kashrut, Shabbat observances, or any other Jewish observances, but may be presented for informational purposes. Please use e-mail addresses, telephone numbers, and web sites to get further information about any event that you are interested in. Also, JVNA does not necessarily agree with all positions of groups whose views are included or whose events are announced in this newsletter.
FAIR USE NOTICE
The material on this site is provided for educational and informational purposes. It may contain copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. It is being made available in an effort to advance the understanding of vegetarian, environmental, nutritional, health, economic, social justice and human rights issues etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have an interest in using the included information for educational or research purposes. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The information on this site does not constitute legal, technical or medical advice.
The material on this site is provided for educational and informational purposes. It may contain copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. It is being made available in an effort to advance the understanding of vegetarian, environmental, nutritional, health, economic, social justice and human rights issues etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have an interest in using the included information for educational or research purposes. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The information on this site does not constitute legal, technical or medical advice.